Other effects include the adulteration of the aquatic biota, including aquatic vascular plants, seagrasses, algae and other water plants fish, crabs and mussels and the population declines of Baltic seals, bottle-nosed and striped dolphins and killer whales. The non-exhaustive list of impacts includes the decline of bees and other pollinators reproduction in migratory species of animals by hazardous pesticides, and the physiological, behavioral and reproductive impacts on many fish and other species of wildlife affected by bioaccumulation of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). The effects of the exposure of hazardous chemicals and wastes on biodiversity has been extensively documented for animal species - resident, sedentary and migratory - in air, land and water bodies. A study commissioned by the Basel, Rotterdam, Stockholm, and Minamata Conventions on how, through regulation and sound management of chemicals and waste, these agreements have contributed to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and the services provided by ecosystems highlights just that! However, several multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) have helped to prevent damage on a larger scale.
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Sixty years after the publication of Rachel Carson’s book, pollution remains one of the main drivers of biodiversity loss. On the mornings that had once throbbed with the dawn chorus of robins, catbirds, doves, jays, wrens, and scores of other bird voices there was now no sound only silence lay over the fields and woods and marsh.” The few birds seen anywhere were moribund they trembled violently and could not fly. The feeding stations in the backyards were deserted. The birds, for example – where had they gone? Many people spoke of them, puzzled and disturbed. The potential environmental and human health consequences due to uncontrolled e-waste recycling in Guiyu serves as a case study for other countries involved in similar crude recycling activities.By the Executive Secretary of the Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions, Rolph Payet, and the Executive Secretary of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Elizabeth Maruma Mrema Risk assessment predicted that Pb and Cu originating from circuit board recycling have the potential to pose serious health risks to workers and local residents of Guiyu, especially children, and warrants an urgent investigation into heavy metal related health impacts. Levels at the schoolyard and food market showed that public places were adversely impacted. Lead and Cu in road dust were 330 and 106, and 371 and 155 times higher, respectively, than non e-waste sites located 8 and 30 km away. ICP-OES analyses revealed elevated mean concentrations in workshop dust (Pb 110,000, Cu 8360, Zn 4420, and Ni 1500 mg/kg) and in dust of adjacent roads (Pb 22,600, Cu 6170, Zn 2370, and Ni 304 mg/kg). To evaluate the extent of heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) contamination from printed circuit board recycling, surface dust samples were collected from recycling workshops, adjacent roads, a schoolyard, and an outdoor food market. The recycling of printed circuit boards in Guiyu, China, a village intensely involved in e-waste processing, may present a significant environmental and human health risk.
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